Name: Scandium: Symbol: Sc: Atomic Number: 21: Atomic Mass: 44.95591 atomic mass units: Number of Protons: 21: Number of Neutrons: 24: Number of Electrons: 21. Name: Scandium Symbol: Sc Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Mass: 44.95591 amu Melting Point: 1539.0 °C (1812.15 K, 2802.2 °F) Boiling Point: 2832.0 °C (3105.15 K, 5129.6 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 21 Number of Neutrons: 24 Classification: Transition Metal Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Density @ 293 K: 2.989 g/cm 3 Color: silvery Atomic Structure. Our scandium page has over 180 facts that span 86 different quantities. Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature.
Element Scandium - Sc
Comprehensive data on the chemical element Scandium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Scandium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.
Scandium Menu
- Scandium Page One
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Overview of Scandium
- Atomic Number: 21
- Group: 3
- Period: 4
- Series: Transition Metals
Scandium's Name in Other Languages
- Latin: Scandium
- Czech: Skandium
- Croatian: Skandij
- French: Scandium
- German: Scandium - s
- Italian: Scandio
- Norwegian: Scandium
- Portuguese: Escândio
- Russian: Скандий
- Spanish: Escandio
- Swedish: Skandium
Atomic Structure of Scandium
- Atomic Radius: 2.09Å
- Atomic Volume: 15cm3/mol
- Covalent Radius: 1.44Å
- Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σa/barns: 27.2
- Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
- Electron Configuration:
- 1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d1 4s2
- Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,9,2
- Shell Model
- Shell Model
- Ionic Radius: 0.745Å
- Filling Orbital: 3d1
- Number of Electrons (with no charge): 21
- Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 24
- Number of Protons: 21
- Oxidation States: 3
- Valence Electrons: 3d1 4s2
- Electron Dot Model
- Electron Dot Model
Chemical Properties of Scandium
- Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.55914g/amp-hr
- Electron Work Function: 3.5eV
- Electronegativity: 1.36 (Pauling); 1.2 (Allrod Rochow)
- Heat of Fusion: 14.1kJ/mol
- Incompatibilities:
- Ionization Potential
- First: 6.54
- Second: 12.8
- Third: 24.76
- Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 58
Physical Properties of Scandium
- Atomic Mass Average: 44.95591
- Boiling Point: 3104K 2831°C 5128°F
- Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 10E-6
- Conductivity
- Electrical: 0.0177 106/cm Ω
Thermal: 0.158 W/cmK
- Electrical: 0.0177 106/cm Ω
- Density: 2.99g/cc @ 300K
- Description:
- Soft silvery white metal that tarnishes in air and burns easily once ignited.
- Elastic Modulus:
- Bulk: 56.6/GPa
- Rigidity: 29.1/GPa
- Youngs: 74.4/GPa
- Enthalpy of Atomization: 343 kJ/mole @ 25°C
- Enthalpy of Fusion: 14.1 kJ/mole
- Enthalpy of Vaporization: 314.2 kJ/mole
- Flammablity Class:
- Freezing Point:see melting point
- Hardness Scale
- Brinell: 750 MN m-2
- Heat of Vaporization: 314.2kJ/mol
- Melting Point: 1812K 1539°C 2802°F
- Molar Volume: 15.04 cm3/mole
- Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
- Specific Heat: 0.6J/gK
- Vapor Pressure = 22.1Pa@1539°C
Regulatory / Health
- CAS Number
- 7440-20-2
- OSHAPermissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
- No limits set by OSHA
- OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
- No limits set by OSHA
- NIOSHRecommended Exposure Limit (REL)
- No limits set by NIOSH
- Levels In Humans:
Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.- Blood/mg dm-3: 0.008
- Bone/p.p.m: 0.001
- Liver/p.p.m: 0.0004-0.0014
- Muscle/p.p.m: n/a
- Daily Dietary Intake: 0.00005 mg
- Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 0.2 mg
- Discovery Year: 1879
- Name Origin:
- From Latin Scandia for Scandinavia.
- Abundance of Scandium:
- Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 16
- Seawater/p.p.m.:
- Atlantic Suface: 6.1E-07
- Atlantic Deep: 8.8E-07
- Pacific Surface: 3.5E-07
- Pacific Deep: 7.9E-07
- Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
- Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 1100
- Sources of Scandium:
- Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. It is produced from uranium mill tailings. World production is around 0.05 tons annually.
- Uses of Scandium:
- Used in leak detectors, space industry materials, seed germinating agents. Also used in mercury vapour lamps when high intensity sunlight type lighting is required.
- Additional Notes:
Scandium Menu
- Scandium Page One
- Scandium Page Two
References
A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.
Related Resources
- Anatomy of the Atom
Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms. - Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality. - Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations. - Chemical Database
This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.
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Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Scandium - Sc. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2021. Accessed on-line: 4/24/2021
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Sc.html
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Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredik Nilson in 1879. It is a transition element and is widely used as aluminum-scandium alloy for minor aerospace industry.
History and Discovery
The existence of scandium was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev when he organized the elements in the periodic table. He called it ekaboron (boron like) and suggested some physical and chemical properties in 1869. Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team, in 1879 found this element in the minerals of euxenite and gadolinite. He prepared scandium oxide of high purity. The word scandium has been derived from Latin Scandia meaning Scandinavia [1]. In 1937, metallic scandium was prepared for the first time by Fischer and his colleagues through electrolysis of molten scandium, lithium and potassium chloride.
Scandium
| Periodic Table Classification | Group 3 Period 4 |
|---|---|
| State at 20C | Solid |
| Color | Silvery white |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2 |
| Electron Number | 21 |
| Proton Number | 21 |
| Electron Shell | 2, 8, 9, 2 |
| Density | 2.99 g.cm-3 at 20°C |
| Atomic number | 21 |
| Atomic Mass | 44.95 g.mol -1 |
| Electronegativity according to Pauling | 1.36 |
Occurrence
Scandium is the 50th most common element in the earth crust and 35th most abundant element in the Sun. Scandium is found in ores of tin, uranium and tungsten. Thortveitite (Scandium silicate) contain 45% scandium in the form of scandium oxide but it is very rare in nature. Scandium is mostly produced as a by-product during the extraction of uranium through mineral davidite which contain around 0.02% scandium oxide. It is mainly mined in China, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Norway and Russia.
Physical Characteristics
Scandium is a transition metal. It is silver-white soft metal. When exposed to air it develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish tint. It has a high melting point, but it is as light as aluminum. That means it has relatively low density, about 2.98g/cm3. Its melting point is 1541oC and boiling point is 2836oC. Scandium chemical symbol is Sc. Its atomic number is 21 and atomic weight is 44.95g/mol.
Chemical Characteristics
- Atomic Mass Average: 44.95591
- Boiling Point: 3104K 2831°C 5128°F
- Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K-1: 10E-6
- Conductivity
- Electrical: 0.0177 106/cm Ω
Thermal: 0.158 W/cmK
- Electrical: 0.0177 106/cm Ω
- Density: 2.99g/cc @ 300K
- Description:
- Soft silvery white metal that tarnishes in air and burns easily once ignited.
- Elastic Modulus:
- Bulk: 56.6/GPa
- Rigidity: 29.1/GPa
- Youngs: 74.4/GPa
- Enthalpy of Atomization: 343 kJ/mole @ 25°C
- Enthalpy of Fusion: 14.1 kJ/mole
- Enthalpy of Vaporization: 314.2 kJ/mole
- Flammablity Class:
- Freezing Point:see melting point
- Hardness Scale
- Brinell: 750 MN m-2
- Heat of Vaporization: 314.2kJ/mol
- Melting Point: 1812K 1539°C 2802°F
- Molar Volume: 15.04 cm3/mole
- Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
- Specific Heat: 0.6J/gK
- Vapor Pressure = 22.1Pa@1539°C
Regulatory / Health
- CAS Number
- 7440-20-2
- OSHAPermissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
- No limits set by OSHA
- OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
- No limits set by OSHA
- NIOSHRecommended Exposure Limit (REL)
- No limits set by NIOSH
- Levels In Humans:
Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.- Blood/mg dm-3: 0.008
- Bone/p.p.m: 0.001
- Liver/p.p.m: 0.0004-0.0014
- Muscle/p.p.m: n/a
- Daily Dietary Intake: 0.00005 mg
- Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 0.2 mg
- Discovery Year: 1879
- Name Origin:
- From Latin Scandia for Scandinavia.
- Abundance of Scandium:
- Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 16
- Seawater/p.p.m.:
- Atlantic Suface: 6.1E-07
- Atlantic Deep: 8.8E-07
- Pacific Surface: 3.5E-07
- Pacific Deep: 7.9E-07
- Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
- Sun (Relative to H=1E12): 1100
- Sources of Scandium:
- Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. It is produced from uranium mill tailings. World production is around 0.05 tons annually.
- Uses of Scandium:
- Used in leak detectors, space industry materials, seed germinating agents. Also used in mercury vapour lamps when high intensity sunlight type lighting is required.
- Additional Notes:
Scandium Menu
- Scandium Page One
- Scandium Page Two
References
A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.
Related Resources
- Anatomy of the Atom
Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms. - Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality. - Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations. - Chemical Database
This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.
Citing this page
Citrix receiver for chrome. If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text:
Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Scandium - Sc. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2021. Accessed on-line: 4/24/2021
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Sc.html
.
Linking to this page
If you would like to link to this page from your website, blog, etc., copy and paste this link code (in red) and modify it to suit your needs:
echo Periodic Table of Elements: Scandium - Sc (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)- Comprehensive information for the element Scandium - Sc is provided by this page including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides and technical terms are linked to their definitions.
.
NOTICE: While linking to articles is encouraged, OUR ARTICLES MAY NOT BE COPIED TO OR REPUBLISHED ON ANOTHER WEBSITE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES.
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Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredik Nilson in 1879. It is a transition element and is widely used as aluminum-scandium alloy for minor aerospace industry.
History and Discovery
The existence of scandium was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev when he organized the elements in the periodic table. He called it ekaboron (boron like) and suggested some physical and chemical properties in 1869. Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team, in 1879 found this element in the minerals of euxenite and gadolinite. He prepared scandium oxide of high purity. The word scandium has been derived from Latin Scandia meaning Scandinavia [1]. In 1937, metallic scandium was prepared for the first time by Fischer and his colleagues through electrolysis of molten scandium, lithium and potassium chloride.
Scandium
| Periodic Table Classification | Group 3 Period 4 |
|---|---|
| State at 20C | Solid |
| Color | Silvery white |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2 |
| Electron Number | 21 |
| Proton Number | 21 |
| Electron Shell | 2, 8, 9, 2 |
| Density | 2.99 g.cm-3 at 20°C |
| Atomic number | 21 |
| Atomic Mass | 44.95 g.mol -1 |
| Electronegativity according to Pauling | 1.36 |
Occurrence
Scandium is the 50th most common element in the earth crust and 35th most abundant element in the Sun. Scandium is found in ores of tin, uranium and tungsten. Thortveitite (Scandium silicate) contain 45% scandium in the form of scandium oxide but it is very rare in nature. Scandium is mostly produced as a by-product during the extraction of uranium through mineral davidite which contain around 0.02% scandium oxide. It is mainly mined in China, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Norway and Russia.
Physical Characteristics
Scandium is a transition metal. It is silver-white soft metal. When exposed to air it develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish tint. It has a high melting point, but it is as light as aluminum. That means it has relatively low density, about 2.98g/cm3. Its melting point is 1541oC and boiling point is 2836oC. Scandium chemical symbol is Sc. Its atomic number is 21 and atomic weight is 44.95g/mol.
Chemical Characteristics
Scandium easily reacts with dilute acids. It is easily burnt and get tarnished in the presence of air. It reacts with water and form hydrogen gas. Pure form of scandium is produced by heating scandium fluoride with calcium metal. Scandium properties are similar with yttrium so it is often classified as a lanthanide like element. Its compound mostly exists in +3 oxidation state. Its oxides and hydroxide are amphoteric (ion that can react with both acid and base). Scandium halides are soluble in water except scandium fluoride which form impermeable passive layer. Organoscandium compounds have lower oxidation states like: 0, +1, +2.
Significance and Uses
- It is used in houses in equipment like color television, fluorescent lamps, energy saving lamps and glasses.
- It is also used to polish glass.
- Aluminum-Scandium alloys are used for aerospace industry.
- Scandium is used in sports equipment like bikes, baseball and bats etc.
- It is also helpful in reducing solidification cracking during welding of high strength aluminum alloys.
- Scandium oxide are used to make high intensity stadium light.
- Scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps.
- Scandium-45 isotope is used in oil refineries.
- Scandium sulfate in diluted form used to improve the germination of seeds like corn, peas and wheat.
Health effects
Scandium is non-toxic in nature. And is has no known biological role. Certain compounds of scandium, however are highly hazardous for individuals working in laboratory areas and industries. Long term exposure of scandium may cause lungs embolism and liver damage.
Isotopes of Scandium
Naturally scandium is found in 45Sc isotope and it is stable. Thirteen radioactive isotopes have been identified, out of which the most stable one is 46Sc has half-life of 83.8 days, 47Sc has 3.35 days, 44Sc has 4 hours and 48Sc has 43.7 hours [3].
REFERENCES
[1]. Nilson, Lars Fredrik (1879). 'Sur l'ytterbine, terre nouvelle de M. Marignac'. Comptes Rendus(in French). 88: 642–647.
How To Find Atomic Number
[2]. Lide, David R. (2004). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4–28
[3]. Audi, Georges; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. H. (2003). 'The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties'. Nuclear Physics A. Atomic Mass Data Center. 729: 3–128.
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